Table 1 : Baseline characteristics* of participants according to
status of renal calculi in the EPIC-Potsdam Study.
| Renal calculi | |||
| Characteristics | No (n=21,845) |
Yes (n=2,645) |
p value |
| Age†, yrs | 49.8±9.0 | 53.8±8.4 | <0.001 |
| Sex†, % male | 36.2 | 52.5 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 26.3±0.0 | 26.7±0.1 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference, cm | |||
| Men | 94.7±0.1 | 95.4±0.3 | 0.01 |
| Women | 80.5±0.1 | 82.0±0.3 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity, h/wk | 0.98±0.0 | 0.96±0.0 | 0.64 |
| Smoking, % | -- | -- | <0.001 |
| Never | 47.7 | 49.2 | -- |
| Former | 31.4 | 34.0 | -- |
| Current, <20 cig/day | 15.1 | 12.5 | -- |
| Current, ≥20 cig/day | 5.9 | 4.3 | -- |
| Educational attainment, % | -- | -- | 0.38 |
| No or vocational training | 38.4 | 37.1 | -- |
| Technical school | 24.6 | 25.6 | -- |
| Technical college, university | 37.0 | 37.3 | -- |
| Alcohol intake, g/day | 16.0±0.1 | 14.3±0.3 | <0.001 |
| Medical History, % | |||
| Prevalent hypertension | 47.3 | 54.8 | <0.001 |
| Prevalent diabetes | 4.8 | 5.9 | 0.01 |
| Nutritional factors‡ | |||
| Water, ml/day | 418±3.1 | 486±8.6 | <0.001 |
| Fruits and vegetables | 191±0.8 | 195±2.3 | 0.07 |
| Red meat, g/day | 30.2±0.1 | 30.5±0.4 | 0.39 |
| Processed meat, g/day | 61.5±0.3 | 60.6±0.8 | 0.28 |
| Fat, g/day | 82.7±0.1 | 82.8±0.3 | 0.66 |
| Cholesterol, mg/day | 307±0.6 | 304±1.6 | 0.15 |
| Biomarkers§, mg/dl | No (n=1,852) |
Yes (n=216) |
p value |
| hsCRP | 1.80±0.1 | 1.96±0.2 | 0.49 |
| Triglycerides | 130±2.1 | 134±5.8 | 0.59 |
| Total cholesterol | 191±1.0 | 197±2.8 | 0.04 |
| HDL cholesterol | 51.7±0.3 | 50.9±0.9 | 0.43 |
| Uric acid | 4.50±0.0 | 4.68±0.1 | 0.03 |
Abbreviations: cig.: cigarettes, EPIC: European Investigation into Cancer and
Nutrition, HDL: high.density lipoprotein, hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein
*Baseline characteristics of participants are expressed as age- and sex-adjusted
means±standard error (SE) or percentages and were compared between
participants with and without stones using analysis of covariance. Age and sex
were not adjusted and are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or percentage.
†Age and gender distribution were compared between participants with and
without stones using Student's unpaired t test or the x2 test, respectively.
‡Nutritional intakes are expressed as means ± SE, adjusted for age, sex and total
energy intake.
§Based on a randomised subcohort of the EPIC-Potsdam study.