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2. Department of Biochemistry, PGIMER & Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital New Delhi, India.
3. Department of cardiology, PGIMER & Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital New Delhi, India.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background: Cardiac biomarkers N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), cardiac troponin T (cTnT), hsCRP and Albuminuria, predicts underlying heart disease in the general population as
well as in CKD patients.
Objective: To study association of NT-proBNP, cTnT, hsCRP, spot urine albumin creatinine ratio with left ventricular mass index (LVMI) for cardiovascular risk prediction in predialysis CKD patients.
Methods: Cross section study included a total of 120 adult predialysis CKD patients. 40 patients in each predialysis CKD group of stage 3, 4 and 5 were taken. Serum cTnT, serum hsCRP, plasma NT-proBNP, single spot urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) were measured. Two-dimensional targeted M-mode Echocardiography was done to measure left ventricular mass index (LVMI).
Results: Mean values of Plasma NT-proBNP (pg/ml), Serum hs-CRP (mg/L), Spot UACR (mg/g of creatinine) and LVMI (g/m2) were 585.68±514.84, 5.96±2.52, 719.37±411.36, 134.92±21.71 respectively in predialysis CKD patients (n=120). Serum cTn-T level was increased in 40% of predialysis CKD patients. Among cardiovascular biomarkers plasma NT-proBNP was most strongly correlated (spearman's rho correlation coefficient; r=0.769 & p<0.0001) with the left ventricular mass index followed by spot urine albumin creatinine ratio (spearman's rho correlation coefficient; r=0.664 & p<0.0001), serum cTn-T (spearman's rho correlation coefficient; r=0.479 & p<0.0001) and serum hs-CRP (spearman's rho correlation coefficient; r=0.246 & p=0.007).
Conclusions: Cardiovascular biomarkers plasma NT-proBNP, serum cTnT, serum hs-CRP and UACR significantly correlate with LVMI. These can predict cardiovascular risk in a predialysis CKD population
with expected high cardiac morbidity and mortality.
Keywords: Novel cardiac biomarkers, spot urine albumin creatinine ratio, left ventricular mass index, predialysis CKD patients
About 40% of CKD patients have cardiovascular disease (CVD) even before they become end-stage renal disease [1]. The use of traditional risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, results in underestimation of CVD risk in patients with CKD including predialysis patients [2]. Patients with CKD have non-traditional or uremia related risk factors also that occur more frequently in patients of CKD and are responsible for an increased risk of CVD [3]. To identify CVD in asymptomatic predialysis CKD patients remains a big challenge in management of these patients. Recently a number of novel cardiovascular biomarkers were identified as predictor of patients outcome in patients with CVD [3]. Pro-BNP (108 amino acids) is a pro-hormone and it is secreted from left ventricle in response to increased myocardial wall stress [4]. On release into the circulation, proBNP is broken into two equal proportions, BNP and NT-pro-BNP. The half-life of BNP is 20 min, whereas the half-life of NT-pro-BNP is 120 min [5]. This is the reason that the circulating NT-pro-BNP level is approximately six-fold higher than that of BNP. Cardiac troponin-T (cTn-T) is raised in a proportion of patients with CKD and ESRD. The reasons for this remain unclear. Possible mechanisms include coronary artery disease, left ventricular dysfunction, left ventricular hypertrophy, cardiac microinfarctions and arrhythmia [6,7]. Non-ischemic myocardial injury due to uremic toxins, may be re-expression of fetal Troponin-T in myopathic skeletal muscles [7]. The Food and Drug Administration recently approved the use of cTnT as a biomarker for mortality risk stratification in ESRD, and the use of cTnT for prognostication is also recommended by the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) [8]. Inflamation is a very important component of pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in CKD patients. In pre- dialysis CKD patients CRP level increases as GFR decreases [9]. High-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) is recommended to measure cardiovascular risk caused by inflammation [10]. Albuminuria is one of the diagnostic criteria for chronic kidney disease. Screening for albuminuria is recommended in patients at increased risk for CKD, including those with hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and a family history of CKD [11-12]. The most common manifestation of CKD is left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), due to the high prevalence of hypertension and anemia. LVH is a powerful independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality in uremic patients. London et al., [13] found in hemodialysis patients that a 10% decrease in LV mass (~29 g) resulted into a 28% decrease in mortality risk from cardiovascular causes during a 5-yr follow-up [13]. If correlation of cardiovascular biomarkers with LVMI is significant, then we can stratify and monitor, cardiovascular risk in CKD early, by measuring levels of biomarkers alone.
Study subjects and study design
The study was cross section study. One fifty seven indian adult patients with CKD stage 3, 4 and 5 (predialysis) were enrolled prospectively during one year period (July 2012 to June 2013). Excluded from the study were patients receiving dialysis/ESRD, patients having arteriovenous fistula, acute renal failure patients, functioning transplant patients, patients with a recent (<1month) cardiac event, acute stroke patients (stroke in previous one year), patients having clinical evidence of heart failure, symptomatic coronary artery disease or arrhythmia and septicemic patients. Eleven patients did not come on the day of blood sampling. In 9 patients insufficient plasma or serum for analysis of cardiac biomarkers was obtained. Six patients had a clinical diagnosis of heart failure based on history and physical examination. Four patients showed significant ECG changes. Three patients had arteriovenous fistula. Two patient had stroke in previous one year. Two patients were found to be septicemic. Total 120 predialysis CKD patients, 40 patients in each CKD stage 3, 4 and 5 were analysed. Patients were on treatment for CKD from nephrology out patient department of our hospital. Coronary artery disease (CAD) was defined as documented old myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass graft surgery, or percutaneous coronary intervention, and ECG with ischemic changes in apparently asymptomatic patient or presence of history of angina. The protocol and consent forms for the study were approved by the review board and ethical comity of PGIMER Dr RML Hospital, NEW DELHI, INDIA, and informed consent was obtained from each participant.
Blood sampling and other analyses
Blood samples were collected and allowed to clot for at least 30 minutes, then centrifuged at 3000 rotations per minute for 10 minutes. Samples of plasma were taken for NT-Pro-BNP measurement. Samples of serum were taken for hs-CRP and cTn-T measurement. The resulting serum and plasma were aliquoted, frozen, and maintained at -70°C. Samples from all patients then were thawed for quantitative measurement of biomarkers. Rest of the investigations were done on the day of sample collection. Quantitative measurement of N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) was done by the Elecsys proBNP immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN). Cutoffs used were 125 pg/ml and 450 pg/ml for age<75 year and ≥75 year respectively. Quantitative measurement of cardiac troponin T (cTnT) was done by the Elecsys cardiac troponin T assay (Elecsys TroponinT STAT Immunoassay, third generation; Roche Diagnostics). The limit of detection is <0.01 ng/mL, as given by the manufacturer. The 99th percentile of a reference population is 0.01 ng/mL and the threshold for diagnosis of myocardial infarction in 0.1 ng/mL. Serum hs–CRP was measured by Immunoturbidimetry method. The spot Urine albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) measurement was done on fully automated analyzer by dry chemistry method. UACR was considered as increased when it was ≥30mg/g of creatinine in a single spot urine sample. Serum creatinine was determined using the autopak reagent kit. This kit utilizes the picrate method. Estimated GFR was calculated by using the abbreviated Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study formula [14].
Echocardiographic measurement
Two-dimensionally guided M-mode echocardiography was performed. Interventricular septum thickness (IVS), posterior left ventricular wall thickness (PLVW), end-diastolic (LVEDD), and end-systolic (LVESD) left ventricular internal dimensions were measured. Left ventricular mass (LVM) was determined by the equation developed by Devereux et al, [15]. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated by dividing LVM by body surface area. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was considered to be present when left ventricular mass index (LVMI) exceeded 125 g/meter square [16,17]. Left ventricular mass (LVM)=0.8×1.04 [(IVS+LVEDD+PLVW)3−LVEDD3]+0.6 g.
Statistical ananlyses
Data was analysed by statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), Statistics 19 of windows-7. The data was presented as mean±standard deviation or frequency (%). Pearson's correlation coefficient and spearman rank correlation coefficient were calculated for various parameters. Comparisons among three CKD stages were assessed by univariate analysis of vari-ance (ANOVA). Chi-Squared test was applied to make out the difference between the percentages of two set of values. Cutoff levels for different cardiovascular biomarkers were determined. For a particular cutoff level sensitivity, specificity of biomarkers were calculated and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was plotted for biomarkers in relation to LVMI. (P) value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Clinical charecteristics for all the patients and by CKD stage are given in Table 1.
Table 1 : Clinical characteristics of study patients by CKD stage.
Effect of CKD stage on cardiac biomarkers concentrations
There was a significant trend toward increasing plasma NTproBNP (p<0.0001), serum cTnT (p=0.002) and spot urine albumin creatinine ratio (p<0.0001) concentrations with declining estimated GFR. Median plasma NT-proBNP, median serum cTnT and median spot UACR concentrations increased across CKD stages in the order of CKD stage 3 less than stage 4 less than stage 5 (Table 1). Median serum hs-CRP concentrations did not differ significantly between patients with CKD stages 3 and 4 and 5.
Overall correlations of cardiovascular biomarkers and other variables with each other and with LVMI
For patients with all CKD stages, age, duration of CKD, systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine, serum i-PTH, serum hs-CRP, plasma NT-proBNP, serum cTnT and spot UACR correlated positively and significantly with left ventricular mass index (LVMI) but hemoglobin and e GFR correlated negatively and significantly with LVMI (Table 2). Plasma NT-proBNP, serum cTnT and serum hs-CRP did not correlate significantly with age, sex, lipid profile, serum albumin, serum calcium, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum PO4, serum i-PTH and body surface area in our study.
Table 2 : Overall correlations of cardiovascular biomarkers and other variables with LVMI in predialysis CKD patients (n=120).
CKD stage wise correlations of cardiovascular biomarkers with LVMI
Hemoglobin, plasma NT-proBNP, serum cTnT, serum hs-CRP and spot UACR correlated significantly with left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in all the three CKD stages (Table 3).
Table 3 : CKD stage wise correlations of cardiovascular biomarkers with LVMI.
Over all correlations of cardiac biomarkers with spot urine albumin creatinine ratio
Plasma NT-proBNP, serum cTnT and serum hs-CRP correlated positively and significantly with spot urine albumin creatinine ratio but haemoglobin and eGFR correlated negatively and significantly with spot UACR (Table 4).
Table 4 : Correlations of spot UACR with Hb, eGFR and other cardiovascular biomarkers.
Correlation matrix table for cardiovascular biomarkers
Biomarkers were inter-related as well as they were related with LVMI as shown in Table 5.
Table 5 : Correlation matrix table for cardiovascular biomarkers, showing their inter-relationship and relationship with eGFR and LVMI.
Sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for biomarkers with respect to LVMI
For spot urine albumin creatinine ratio, at cutoff level of 629 mg/g of creatinine ,the sensitivity, specificity and AUROC were 80.5%, 72.9% and 0.833 respectively in relation to LVMI (Figure 4). For serum cTnT, at cutoff level of 0.010 ng/ml, the sensitivity, specificity and AUROC were 62.5%, 73% and 0.667 respectively in relation to LVMI (Figure 5). For plasma NT-pro BNP, at cutoff level of 300 pg/ml, the sensitivity, specificity and AUROC were 80.5%, 75% and 0.856 respectively in relation to LVMI (Figure 6). For serum hs-CRP, at cutoff level of 5.4 mg/L, the sensitivity, specificity and AUROC were 64%, 50% and 0.594 respectively in relation to LVMI (Figure 7).
Figure 4 : For spot urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR); area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC): 0.833 (95% confidence interval: 0.69 to 0.88).
Figure 5 : For serum cTnT; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC): 0.667 (95% confidence interval: 0.50 to 0.73).
Figure 6 : For plsma NT proBNP; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC): 0.856 (95% confidence interval: 0.69 to 0.88).
Figure 7 : For serum hs-CRP; area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC): 0.594 (95% confidence interval: 0.51 to 0.74).
Kidney disease recently has withdrawn attention as a cardiac risk factor with importance similar to diabetes and history of prior cardiac disease [2]. However, stratification of cardiac risk with in the asymptomatic predialysis CKD population remains challenging due to the high prevalence of traditional cardiac risk factors and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). If we are able to detect significant cardiac disease at an early stage then it will facilitate more aggressive and focused treatment of those at increased risk. The present study enlightens the association of elevated cardiovascular biomarkers with the documented cardiac pathological states (increased left ventricular mass index) in asymptomatic predialysis CKD patients. Previously it was thought that role of plasma NT-proBNP has been restricted to diagnose heart failure in patients with symptoms of dyspnea [18]. However, there is evidence that NT-proBNP level increases in response to isolated ischemia and myocardial injury even in the absence of heart failure [19]. Among all the cardiovascular biomarkers plasma NT-proBNP had strongest correlation (spearman's rho correlation coefficient; 0.769) with left ventricular mass index (p=<0.0001) Figure 1 and it was consistent with the studies which were done by Susan Vickery et al., [20] and Christopher R et al, [21]. In our study NT-proBNP levels were elevated in most of the patients who had known coronary artery disease and it was consistent with previous work of Christopher R et al, [21]. NT-proBNP levels appear to be increased to a greater degree in patients with CKD with underlying coronary artery disease or LVH. Thus it supports the hypothesis that underlying cardiac pathological state is responsible for elevated NT-proBNP levels in this predialysis CKD population. Patients with lower (eGFR) had higher plasma NT-proBNP levels and it was consistent with studies which were done by Vickery Susan et al., [20] and study done by Akshay S. Desai et al, [22]. Plasma NT-proBNP levels were correlated positively and significantly with serum cTn-T levels among predialysis CKD patients (spearman's correlation coefficient r=0.488 & p=0.0001) and it was consistent with the study which was done by Satyan et al, [23]. Plasma NT-proBNP levels correlated positively and significantly with serum hs-CRP (p=0.0001) and and it was consistent with study which was done in non-dialysis CKD population by Susan Vickery et al, [24].
Figure 1 : Correlation plot of left ventricular mass index with plasma NT-proBNP (n=120).
Levels of cardiac troponin are frequently elevated in the absence of acute coronary syndrome among patients with varying degrees of kidney disease [25]. For predialysis CKD patients, however, data are limited and conflicting. In our study prevalence of increased serum cTn-T in predialysis CKD patients was 22.5%, 37.5% and 60% in CKD stage3, stage 4 and stage 5 respectively and it was consistent with study which was done by Nasir A. Abbas et al., and by Landry et al., CRIB study [25,26]. Serum cTn-T was correlated positively and significantly with the left ventricular mass index (r=0.479 & p-Value=0.0001) Figure 2. The prevalence of LVH was >50% in all 3 CKD stages. Increased serum cTnT was associated with LVH in 51% patients (37/72) Figure 3 and it was consistent with study which was done by Nassir A et al, [25]. Serum cTnT was more likely to be increased in patients with diabetes (33 of 48) than in those without diabetes and it was consistent with study which was done by Nasir A et al, [25]. Serum cTnT was more likely to be increased in patients with history of coronary artery disease (38 of 47) than in those without history of CAD.
Figure 2 : Correlation plot of left ventricular mass index with serum cTn-T (n=120).
Figure 3 : Prevalence of increased serum cTn-T, increased plasma NT-proBNP and increased serum hs-CRP in predialysis CKD patients having LVH (n=72).
There are multiple associations with CRP levels and CVD outcomes in patients with CKD. It is associated with increased mortality across the full spectrum of CKD [27]. It is generally agreed that a hs-CRP concentration >3mg/L is a strong risk factor for a coronary event [28]. Serum hs-CRP did not correlate with eGFR in our study and it was consistent with the study which was done by Christopher et al, [21]. Serum hs-CRP was correlated positively and significantly with left ventricular mass index (r=0.246 & p-Value=0.007). Serum hs-CRP correlated positively and significantly with spot urine albumin creatinine ratio (r=0.192 & p-Value=0.035).
In general, albumin to creatinine ratio has been shown to have slightly better diagnostic accuracy than urine albumin concentration alone for detection of albuminuria in many populations [29]. In addition to predicting CKD progression, proteinuria is a well-established risk marker for cardiovascular disease [30]. Spot urine albumin creatinine ratio was >30 mg/g of creatinine in most of the predialysis CKD patients in our study and it was consistent with study done by Landry et al., Chronic Renal Impairment in Birmingham (CRIB) Study [26]. Spot urine albumin creatinine ratio was correlated positively and significantly with left ventricular mass index (r=0.664 & p=0.0001). Among cardiovascular biomarkers, plasma NTpro BNP had strongest positive correlation (Spearman's rho correlation coefficient; r=0.610) with spot UACR (p=0.0001). Spot urine albumin creatinine ratio was correlated positively and significantly with serum cTn-T (r=0.484 & p-Value=0.0001) and with plasma NT-proBNP (r=0.610 & p=0.0001) and it was consistent with the study which was done by Akshay S. Desai et al, [22]. Out of 120 predialysis CKD patients 41 patients (34.16%), had spot urine albumin creatinine ratio >1g/g of creatinine. Out of 41 patients who were having UACR >1g/g of creatinine, 28 patients (68%) had increased serum cTn-T and 40 patients (97.6%) had increased plasma NT-proBNP. Spot urine albumin creatinine ratio was correlated negatively and significantly with the hemoglobin (r=-0.507 & p-Value=0.0001) and with eGFR (r=-0.641 & p=0.0001) and it was consistent with the study which was done by Akshay S. Desai et al, [22].
Our present work showed that declining kidney function causes elevation of cardiovascular biomarkers early (CKD stage 3 in our study) and there is significant association of cardiac biomarkers with the left ventricular mass index. These biomarkers can predict cardiovascular risk in a predialysis CKD population with expected high cardiac morbidity and mortality.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
| Authors' contributions | SS1 | SS2 | HM | RJ | NS | HV | VK | AG | PK | SD | PR | HW |
| Research concept and design | √ | √ | √ | -- | √ | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | √ |
| Collection and/or assembly of data | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Data analysis and interpretation | √ | √ | √ | -- | √ | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Writing the article | √ | √ | √ | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
| Critical revision of the article | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Final approval of article | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Statistical analysis | √ | √ | √ | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
The authors express their gratitude to all the staff of nephrology and biochemistry departments of Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital for rendering their help. We express sincere thanks to statician D P Sharma for helping in data analysis and thanks to technicians in biochemistry department who helped in sample processing and quantification of biomarkers.
EIC: Kevin R. Loughlin, Harvard Medical School, USA.
Received: 20-Apr-2014 Final Revised: 31-Jul-2014
Accepted: 11-Aug-2014 Published: 18-Aug-2014
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