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2. Professor at department of Physical Therapy for pediatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Egypt.
3. Instructor at department of Physical Therapy for pediatrics, Deraya University, Elmina, Egypt.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background: Children with spastic hemiplegia had disabilities of the upper extremities such as reaching, grasping, and object manipulation resulting in dependency in daily activities and a lack of successful social integration.Muscle morphology and structures are different in children with cerebral palsy as a result of secondary impairments such as disuse,spasticity, and immobilization.
Purpose: To investigate the correlations between spasticity, functional ability and muscle thickness of biceps brachii in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy and to compare muscle thickness in normal children and spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy children.
Methods: 40 children from both sexes with age ranged from 2 to 5 years included in this study and divided into two equal groups. Group (A) included 20 aged matched normal developmental children and Group (B) included 20 children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Muscle thickness of biceps brachiiwas measured with ultrasound imaging. The functional ability was evaluated using the Gross Motor Function Measurement-88 (GMFM-88). The spasticity was evaluated with the Modified Ashworth Scale (MAS).
Results: The results of the study revealed that there was a significant difference of biceps brachii thickness between normal group and spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy group(P≤0.05). For correlation, there was positive significant correlation(r=-0.765; p<0.0001) between spasticity and functional ability. But there was no significant correlation between age and muscle thickness, spasticity and functional ability. Also, there was no significant statistical correlation between muscle thickness and function ability.
Conclusion: In children with spastic cerebral palsy, muscle thickness of biceps brachii was less than in age-matched normal children. Furthermore, Children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy may need muscle strengthening exercises in the upper extremities, including the biceps muscle. Therefore prevent muscle atrophy and increase functional daily living activities.
Keywords: Cerebral palsy, Hemiplegia, Muscle thickness, Spasticity, Functional ability
Cerebral palsy (CP) is defined as a group of permanent developmental disorders of movement and posture, leading toactivity limitations, which are attributed to non-progressive disturbances in the immature fetal or infant brain [1]. The spastic muscles are frequently shorterthan normaldue to insufficient stretching. Manystudies have revealed that the spasticity and limited activity causing weakness, atrophy and muscle imbalance as a result of reduced joint range of motion, disuse and contracture [2,3]. The motor control, cognitive and associated disorderswith CP children causing challenging to measure the muscular strength of children; so, researches has been directed to study morphology and structures of muscles in children with CP [4,5] that are altered to some degree in children with CP as a result of secondary impairments such as disuse, spasticity, and immobilization [6,7]. There is consequent reliable evidence that the size of the muscles in the paretic limbs, which include muscle thickness, volume and cross-sectional area, is less when compared to non-paretic muscles and normal developing muscles [5]. Inactivity and disuse cycle occurred in children and teen-agers with CP are permanent due to the progressive development of weakness and contractures, that leading to a significant progressive disability over lifespan of children [4,8]. A previous study revealed that the muscle structures changes are directly related to motor functions in older children, adolescents, and adults with CP [9,10]. Moreover, this relationship is also associated with muscle thickness (MT) in children and adults with CP that measures quantitative muscle evaluation and show direct positive relationship with activity [5,9]. However, it remains unclear when the structure of the muscle begins to change in children with CP and these changes progress with time. In addition, there is little information about the influence of the muscle structures on motor functions in young children with CP. Ultrasound imaging has recently become more widely used in musculoskeletal research and evaluation because it is a relatively useful, quick, cheap and child-friendly assessment tool [11], although it provides only superficial data for the muscle region [12] as compared to diffusion tensor imaging which isa magnetic resonance imaging technique that enables the measurement of the restricted diffusion of water in tissue in order to produce neural tract images instead of using this data solely for the purpose of assigning contrast or colors to pixels in a cross sectional image. It also provides useful structural information about muscle and high-resolution anatomical MRI scans. Other reviews suggested that muscle thickness, length and volume tend to be smaller in children with CP [5,7]. However, these studies have provided very limited data about muscle architecture in children with CP [5,7,8,13,14]. The aim of this study was to investigate correlations between age, functional ability, muscle thickness and spasticity in children with spastic hemiplegic C Pand to compare biceps muscle thickness between normal children and hemiplegic cerebral palsy children.
Study design:cross-sectional correlational design
The study was held between august 2018 and November 2018. An informed consent form and agreement was obtained from their parents for participation of their children in the study. An ethical approval was granted by ethical committee- faculty of physical therapy (NO.P.T.REC|012|002058) and the aim and steps of the task were explained to them. Two study groups (normal and hemiplegic cerebral palsy) were assessed by ultrasonography to measure biceps brachii muscle thickness.
Participants
Eighty-four patients were initially enrolled. However, 8 patients were excluded (5, owing to having upper limb surgeries, 3 children’ parents refused to participate in the study). A flow chart describing the distribution of participants is shown in (Figure 1). Forty children from both sexes were selected from the outpatient clinic of the faculty of Physical therapy and AL-Minia physiotherapy clinic and divided into two equal groups. Group (A) included twenty age-matched normal children and group (B) included twenty hemiplegic cerebral palsy children with spasticity grade 1 and 1+according to modified ashowrth scale.The children were recruited for this study upon fulfilling the following inclusion criteria: (1) the participant was diagnosed with spasti chemipelgic CP and (2) the participant aged from 2 to 5 years old. The exclusion criteria for this study were as follows: (1) CP associated with muscular disease, (2) previous history of muscle trauma, (3) previous history of surgical intervention of the upper extremities, (4) previous history of chemo therapy within 6 months, (5) Recent skin injury, (6) Bony structure causing joint limitation, The age-matched children with normal developing muscles were recruited for this study as group (A) and able to use upper limb independently; potential participants were excluded if they had any developmental disorder affecting the upper limbs.
Figure 1 : Flow chart of the participants.
Measurement procedures
Evaluation of spasticity
By using the modified Ashworth scale. All children selected for this study were grade 1 and 1+ of spasticity [15].
Measurement of muscle thickness
Thickness of biceps brachii was measured with ultrasonography device (7.5 MHz ultrasound transducer probe with serial number AGC73124954). At first, the child was positioned in supine with extended elbow. A longitudinal section image was taken by ultrasonography for the biceps muscle while the researcher was seated beside the patient to support the upper limb as needed. After capturing the images by ultrasonography, the researcher measured Muscle thickness of biceps brachii by measuring a distance by drawing a vertical line between the superficial aponeurosis and the deep aponeurosis Figures 2 and 3. During the measurement, great care was taken to maintain the practical individuals in a standardized position. The pressure of the transducer was kept to a minimum by using enough amount of contact gel, and by observing the measured realtime ultrasonic images as noted, to eliminate distortion of the skin and subcutaneous tissues due to excess compression [16]. All muscle thickness measurements were performed by the same practical individuals [17].
Figure 2 : Ultrasonography for biceps muscle.
Figure 3 : Measurement of muscle thickness of biceps muscle by ultrasonography.
Gross Motor Function Measurement-88 (GMFM-88)
The activity limitations of children were evaluated by (GMFM- 88). The GMFM-88 is a criterion-referenced observational measure for the assessment of children with CP [18]; it consists of 88 items divided into five dimensions: lying and rolling; sitting; crawling and kneeling; standing; and walking, running, and jumping. The scale was therefore proposed to quantitatively evaluate gross motor function of the participants. The score for each dimension is expressed as a percentage of the maximum score for that dimension as analyzed in this study. The total score iscalculated by averaging the percentage scores across the five dimensions, range from 0 to 100.
Data Analysis
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program (version 20 windows) was used for data analysis. P value ≤0.05 was considered significant. Numerical data were explored for normality by checking the distribution data using tests of normality (Kolmogorov-smirnov and shapiro-wik tests). For parametric data (muscle thickness); unpaired t-test was used to identify statistical difference between groups. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to detect the significant correlation between age, spasticity, muscle thickness, and GMFM.
As shown in Table 1, the results revealed that there was a significant difference between normal group and spastic group (P=0.0023).
Table 1 : Comparison between both groups regarding Muscle thickness.
As shown in Table 2, there was no significant statistical correlation between age and spasticity (P=0.417), between age and functional ability (P=0.851), between age and biceps brachiithickness (P=0.493), between spasticity and biceps brachiithickness (P=0.423), and between biceps brachiithickness and function ability (P=0.609). In contrast, there was a significant correlation between spasticity and functional ability (P=0.000).
Table 2 : Correlation between different parameters in spastic group.
Children with spastic hemiplegia had disabilities of the upper extremities such as reaching, grasping, and object manipulation resulting in dependency in daily activities and a lack of successful social integration. Spasticity and activity limitationscontribute to muscle weakness, imbalance and muscle atrophy resulting from disuse, muscle contracture and a reduced joint range of motionso this study was aimed to investigate the correlations between spasticity, functional ability and MT of biceps brachii in children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy and also to compare muscle thickness in normal children and children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy.The results demonstrated a direct correlation between spasticity of biceps brachii and GMFM-88 and non-significant relation between MT and GMFM-88 in addition to no relation between spasticity and MT of biceps brachii. Finally there is no relation between age and all mention measures above. In the present study, the MT of biceps brachii was found to be significantly less in children who were aged from 2 to 5 years old with spastic hemiplegic CP than in normal age-matched children.
The results of current study are consistent with mockford and Caulton, 2010 who concluded that normal muscle is composed of 95% fibers but spastic muscle is only 40% fibers with increased intramuscular fat and connective tissue [19]. Skeletal muscles are reshaped and can be altered by several factors that may be positive or negative such as disuse, hypertonia (spasticity), strength training and immobilization [9,20]. Results in animal and human models [14,21] have revealed that muscle thickness and architecture become smaller due to disuse and immobilization which may lead to muscle weakness and muscle imbalance [8,14,22,23]. A previous study suggested that changes of muscle thickness and length might occur at an earlier age [24]. Thus, the first priority of children with CP is to perform early activities to enhance these adaptive changes in muscle architecture and functions. The results of this study show that the thickness of the affected biceps brachii is less in hemiplegic cerebral palsy children as a result of immobilization that progress to muscle fibrosis that reduce muscle elasticity and muscle strength [25]. According to the results, there was no significant correlation between the MT of biceps brachii and GMFM-88 in spastic hemiplegic children with CP. However, we noted in this study that MT was significantly reduced. These results can be assumed that there is little difference at a young age (2-5 years), but the correlation between MT and GMFM-88 may change by time during the growth period due to lower mobility, disuse atrophy and muscle weakness. Furthermore, these differences were related to the changes of gross motor functions.So, proper exercise program designed to improve muscle strength during the growth spurt may be required. Therefore, the results of this study couldn’t detect time of muscle thickness to change with age so, large sample sizes will be required to generalize this result, and make further predictions and assumptions to investigate the relation of muscle thickness with age in children . The correlations of MT and functional ability were evaluated in this study. However, it is not clear whether the MT determines functional level in spastic hemiplegic CP, or disuse and lower gross motor function lead to muscle atrophy. Although CP is non-progressive lesion, it associated with secondary muscular impairments such as muscle weakness which might cause reduction of muscle volume and length [5]. The motor function impairments in hemiplegic CP children could contribute to development of muscle weakness and contracture that are complex in these children, but the results of another study revealed that the combination of different neural mechanisms and muscular factors cause progression of muscle architecture changes [5,26]. Muscle weakness isn’t the only cause of reduced muscle size, but also reduced muscle activation and increased co-activation of case might lead to reduction of muscle size [27]. Therefore, the degree of muscle development may determine the level of functional ability in the early stages of CP. Ultrasonography is a useful method of muscle imaging and used to measure MT and length in children with CP [13]. Sonographic measurement may be used overwide range of contractions. finaly, there is no correlation between muscle thickness and functinal activity for some muscles, so ultrasonographic measures of thickness cannot be used to detect activity in these muscles [28] The results of the current study comes in agreement with [29] who found that the affected side of stroke patients showed reduced muscle thickness and fascicle length compared to the unaffected side.
Limitation of study
Finally there is significant difference of muscle thickness between normal and children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy that may need muscle strengthening exercises in the upper extremities, including the biceps muscle in children with CP. therefore prevent muscle atrophy and increase functional daily living activities.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
| Authors' contributions | MSA | FHZ | AAA |
| Research concept and design | √ | √ | √ |
| Collection and/or assembly of data | √ | √ | -- |
| Data analysis and interpretation | √ | √ | √ |
| Writing the article | √ | √ | -- |
| Critical revision of the article | √ | √ | √ |
| Final approval of article | √ | √ | √ |
| Statistical analysis | √ | √ | √ |
The authors would like to express their appreciation to all children and their parents who participated in this study with cooperation.
Editor: Gordon John Alderink, Grand Valley State University, USA.
Received: 21-Apr-2019 Final Revised: 07-Jun-2019
Accepted: 12-Jun-2019 Published: 20-Jun-2019
Copyright © 2015 Herbert Publications Limited. All rights reserved.
