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2. Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
3. Department of Radiology, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background: Hysterosalpingogram is a useful investigation for evaluation of infertility. However the procedure is associated with variable degrees of pain and discomfort.
Objective: The objectives of the study were to determine the intensity of pains experienced by women during the investigation, the management of the pains by providers and women’s expectation and satisfaction with their pain management.
Methodology: This was a prospective cohort study involving women who had Hysterosalpingography at radiologic centres in Calabar between July 2013 and June 2014. Structured self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data on demographic profile, pre and post procedure care, pain intensity, its management and women’s satisfaction with their care. Data were analyzed using SPSS 16. Statistically significant level was set at <0.5.
Results: The analysis was based on 93 returned completed questionnaire. The mean age was 33 ± 6.03 (SD). About half 51(54.8%) of the women had tertiary level of education and 49(52%) were nulliparous. The commonest indication for HSG was infertility 69(74.2%). Pain experienced was rated as severe (7-10) by 29(31.2%) women and moderate (4-6) by 35(37.6%). Pre-procedure analgesics were administered to 45(48.5%) women. Most women were satisfied with their pre 55(59%) and post 50(53.8%) procedure care. However, satisfaction was not significantly influenced by the severity of the pain experienced p=0.4. The study revealed that majority of the women experienced moderate to severe levels of pain and in most cases use of analgesics during HSG procedure was inadequate. Proper and adequate pain management should be integrated into the procedure.
Keywords: Hysterosalpingogram, pain, analgesics, satisfaction, infertility, women, perception
Hysterosalpingogram [HSG] is often requested as part of first line investigations for women with infertility, menstrual abnormalities and congenital or acquired uterine disorders [1-4]. Tubal pathology contributes to 60 % of female infertility in Nigeria and HSG is often the first line test in most centres offering infertility care [2,5-7]. It provides a view of the uterine cavity and the fallopian tubes which allows detection of endometrial and tubal pathologies [4,8]. It is often performed as an outpatient procedure preferably in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Its limitation may include inability to show tubo-peritoneal pathology which may require laparoscopic chromo-pertubation to diagnose intra-peritoneal lesions [6,9]. HSG has also been known to have some therapeutic value as there could be spontaneous resolution of infertility due to dislodgment of mucous plugs from the fallopian tubes during the procedure [10-12].
The investigation however has been associated with different degrees of painful experience by women which has made it a dreaded investigation [13-15]. The pain felt by women at HSG may arise from manipulation of the cervix during canulation, distension of the uterus and fallopian tubes and peritoneal irritation with contrast media and anxiety. Pain is a noxious stimulus that should be alleviated or eliminated. It could on some occasions cause vaso-vagal shock, collapse of patients and user dissatisfaction.
Several measures to reduce the pain at hysterosalpingography include use of balloon catheters , local anaesthetic agents and analgesic [7-9]. A meta analysis showed that use and none use of pharmacological agents did not significantly alter the intensity of pains experienced by women undergoing the investigation [11]. On the other hand, in another study of review of pains during HSG it was found that gentle handling of patients and use of balloons were associated with reduced pains [12]. Also, a previous study found that pain was worse at the point of instilling constrast media and a combination of nonsteroidal analgesic and paracervical block was associated with less pain [8]. Anaesthesia is not used during HSG because it is an outpatient procedure and patients need to get back home in a fully conscious state. Some studies found some relief of pain with injection of intravenous Opioids during the procedure but the side effects and cost are possible limitations [9].
It is pertinent to look at pain management as an indicator of the quality of care in this invasive procedure. Therefore this study was conducted in Calabar, Nigeria to determine the intensity of pains experienced by the women during the investigation, the management of the pains by providers and women’s expectation and satisfaction with their pain management.
Setting
Calabar is the capital of Cross River State in the South -South Nigeria. The state boasts of a Teaching hospital and several secondary health care facilities and private health facilities where primary investigation of infertility takes place. Women who visited the Teaching Hospital and private health facilities for investigation of infertility and other gynaecological problems requiring HSG were recruited to the study. The participants had hysterosalpingogram at the Teaching hospital and major diagnostic facilities in Calabar.
Design
This was a prospective cross sectional study of women who had hysterosalpingography during the period July 2013- December 2014. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee of University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. The objectives and methodology of the study were explained to the women who gave informed consent. The patients were instructed by their health care providers on how to complete the questionnaire which evaluated their bio-demographic data, pre and post procedure care and visual analogue scale. The questionnaire was issued to the women along with the request forms for HSG. They were trained and instructed to complete the form as soon as they were comfortable enough to do so within 24 hours of the procedure. Completed forms were returned to the requesting doctor and collected by the researchers for analysis. We excluded women with acute pelvic infection and those who declined to participate in the study.
Women marked on the visual analogue scale which was marked 0-10 on their questionnaire the worst level of pain they experienced in the course of the procedure. The score of 0 was for no pain and 10 the worst possible pain experienced. Service providers who performed the hysterosalpingography were blinded to the study. Women were asked to indicate as satisfied, dissatisfied, no opinion and their level of satisfaction with their pain management.
Data analysis
Data were entered into Excel spread sheet. Pain score of 0-3 was graded as mild, 4-6 moderate and 7-10 severe pains. The data were analyzed using statistical package for Social Science 16. Simple percentages were calculated and categorical variables were compared using chi square test. The level of statistical significance was set at<0.05.
A total of 93 (96%) out of 97 women returned the completed pain care assessment questionnaire. The mean age of the women was 33±6.03(sd). Forty-five (49%) were between 35-39 years of age. Nulliparae[49] constituted 52% of the patients and 51(54%) had tertiary level of education (Table 1).
Table 1 : The characteristics of the patients.
Infertility was the main reason for requesting HSG in 69(74%) women and uterine fibroid in 10 (10.8%) of them Table 2.
Table 2 : The indications for hysterosalpingogram.
Pre-procedure care (Table 3) showed Fifty seven (61.3%) women were informed the procedure would be painful by the requesting doctor and 47(50.5%) had pain care discussed preoperatively by the radiologists or radiographers while 45 48.4%) had preoperative analgesia prescribed by the requesting doctors.
Table 3 : The intensity of pain experienced by the patients.
Evaluation of pain experienced and its management showed the mean pain score experienced was 5.7±2.5(sd). Severe pain [7-10] was experienced by 29(31.2%) and moderate pain [4-6] by 35(37.6%). The severity of pains was not significantly influenced by the age (P=0.25), educational level (P=1.0) or Parity (P=0.22) of the women (Table 4). Intra-operative pain care showed 51(54.8%) women who complained of pains were asked to tolerate the pain by the attending service provider. Injections were administered to 8(8.6%) women to ameliorate their pains. Post procedure, 45(48.4%) of the women received no pain medication and 14 (15.1%) received non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
Table 4 : Management of pain.
The level of satisfaction with their care was as depicted in Table 5. Equal numbers of women indicated they were satisfied with their pre-procedure counseling 54(58.1%), pain care 55(59.1%) and post procedure care 50(53.8%). The level of satisfaction was not influenced by the severity of pains experienced during their care (P=0.423).
Table 5 : Satisfaction with care.
Asked, how they would have loved the procedure to be performed, most 65(70%) would have preferred it painless, 18(19%) would prefer preoperative analgesia while 9(10%) would prefer sedation. Only 1(1%) felt she could bear the pain.
Our study showed that the commonest reason for hysterosalpingogram was infertility. Moderate to severe pain was experienced by 68% of the women. Inadequate attention to the painful aspect of hystersoalpingogram by service providers was noted in the study. Attempts by service providers to modify the pain consisted of encouraging half of the patients to tolerate the pains during the procedure and use of oral analgesics and anti spasmolytic agent.
Infertility is a common indication for hysterosalpingography and on its own is associated with a lot of psychological disturbances. Though HSG is being replaced by Sonohysterogram [13]; it is still commonly performed in our environment as the primary method for evaluating the uterus and tubes in infertile women [2]. The Pain experienced during Hysterosalpingography is multifaceted. The sources of pain are from grasping the cervix, distension of the uterus with contrast medium and peritoneal irritation as well as anxiety [9,14]. The long term consequences of painful experience include depression, chronic pain and rejection of care. There is also a psychological component to the pain due to fear , anxiety and experience shared by other women [14,15]. Overall, uptake of such vital test may be influenced by the fear of experiencing pain. Its care therefore demands varieties of approaches. The appropriate means of reducing pain and discomfort experienced during hysterosalpingogram has been a subject of several studies. Pre-procedure analgesics, topical anesthetics, intra-cervical block and use of balloon catheters have been associated with variable levels of pain relief [8,9,11,16]. A perfect method is not yet established.
The satisfaction with care expressed by the women despite the painful experience is a reflection of user’s expectation about quality of service. In our study, the user satisfaction was not statistically different amongst the women who had primary level education and post primary education. The procedure is a step towards resolving issues and the pain experienced is part of the process of finding solution to the problem. Also, Lack of awareness that the pain could be ameliorated by varieties of methods may account for satisfaction by half of the women. Women expected pain free procedure while a few women would want pre procedure analgesics administered. Pain free procedure makes the procedure widely accepted by end users and impacts on quality of life. This expectation of women should be met by service providers.
Hysterosalpingographic procedure is associated with variable levels of painful experience by the women. Though there is no perfect pain relieving agent for this procedure, providers need to take steps using multimodal options to ameliorate the pains experienced during the procedure to meet women’s expectations.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
| Authors' contributions | EMI | AUB | OO | BD | UAE |
| Research concept and design | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Collection and/or assembly of data | -- | √ | √ | -- | -- |
| Data analysis and interpretation | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Writing the article | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Critical revision of the article | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Final approval of article | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
| Statistical analysis | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
We are grateful to our patients who participated in the study and to Dr. Affiong Oku for the Statistical analysis of the data.
Editor: Erich Cosmi, University of Padua, Italy.
Received: 02-Aug-2018 Final Revised: 01-Sept-2018
Accepted: 16-Oct-2018 Published: 03-Nov-2018
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